Acting Analysis - 1702 Words

European colonisers rationalized their financial establishment in foreign countries to conceal their strategies of increasing power. It is put in deeper perspective by critic Noam Chomsky: â€Å"The mindset is barbarian sort of backward inferior; and for their own benefit we have to uplift them and civilise them and educate them and so on. The psychology behind it is kind of transparent.† In that sense, the worst crime was the crime of ignorance. The main characters in Death and the King’s Horseman are haunted in their conflict to find themselves among radical changes of the face of their culture. There is no such thing as a smooth ride to equality in Africa. Though, when a limited freedom becomes available it seems that most people would†¦show more content†¦It proves that interference is not equal to a complete transformation of traditional values and habits. Olunde’s views of the colonisers are clear in an exposed conversation with Mrs. Pilkings: â€Å"You white races know how to survive; I have seen proof of that. By all logical and natural laws this war should end with all the white races wiping out one another, wiping out their so-called civilisation for all time and reverting to a state of primitivism the like of which has so far only existed in your imagination when you thought of us. I thought all that in the beginning. Then I slowly realised that your greatest art is the art of survival.† Styles recognises that he has little left of him as an individual whilst acting in front of his supervisor. It can be suggested that his desire to be an individual is evidence that he has adapted the foreign conformist role. African culture is more built around families, respect. For example, when his parents detest of his new profession he refuses to compromise with them, and follows his own ambitions. He reaches an emotional breaking point, which provoked his feelings. â€Å"I took a good look at my life. What did I see? A bloody circus monkey!† His rebellious character does show when he mistranslate the words of Mr. Bradley. Styles interpreted his message between the words; of what he thought is being said rather the exact. â€Å"Gentlemen, he says we mustShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Sanford Meisner On Acting1041 Words   |  5 PagesIn his book Sanford Meisner On Acting, Meisner teaches students in his class the techniques needed in acting. The book is written in a way t hat is enjoyable to the reader because it is written in third person, where an observer writes about what occurred in the class among Meisner and his students. In the book, Meisner teaches the students about the importance of being genuine; they should stop pretending and they should stop being polite. They should rather just do what feels genuine to them. IRead MoreIntroducing The Sessions That Helped Me Improve1479 Words   |  6 PagesIn this essay , I’m going to introduce the sessions that helped me improve , clarify my comprehension of the craft of acting. I’m also gonna Include my understanding of what an actor needs from a script; how an actor uses backstory to inform the present and the techniques around the revelation of backstory and motivation,. What is my interaction with actors in preparing a script, and in on-set procedure? how i go about analysing an actor’s performance and how do I get the best out of it in termsRead MoreTheatre Performance An alysis1042 Words   |  5 PagesTheatre Performance Analysis Last week, I attended a stage performance of Shakespeare’s timeless and tragic play Romeo amp; Juliet at Dunstan Playhouse, Adelaide. It was an adaptation by Geordie Brookman (also the director) and Nicki Bloom. The cast had only six performers and they were required to occasionally switch characters. The run-time was 140 minutes. The purpose of this paper is to conduct a performance analysis on the use of body and voice of individual performers and overall group workRead MoreAnalysis of Acting and Directing in The Crucible Essay636 Words   |  3 PagesAnalysis of Acting and Directing in The Crucible I saw the play The Crucible and there were examples of styles of directing and acting that were very interesting. The production was put on by the University of Arizona’s theatre department and as such the directing and acting had its good points and its bad ones. There was one scene in particular that appeared to be very well directed. Act two takes place in the common room of the Proctor’s house about a week after the initial scene in theRead MoreCritical Analysis of Transformers the Movie2553 Words   |  11 PagesCritical Analysis of Transformers the Movie Chesley Baird ENG 225: Introduction to Film Kristy Nelson November 20, 2012 Critical Analysis of Transformers the Movie There is an old saying that there is an 8-year-old child inside every person, Transformers is just the movie to bring out the kid in everyone. Big, loud and full of testosterone-fuelled car fantasies, Michael Bays actioner hits a new peak for CGI work, showcasing spectacular chases and animated transformation sequences seamlesslyRead MoreWage Discrimination Among Actors And Actresses1808 Words   |  8 PagesPatrick Allen. In their paper, â€Å"Double Jeopardy in Hollywood: Age and Gender in the Careers of Film, Actors, 1926-1999† the researchers looked at the concept of â€Å"double jeopardy† as it pertains to the effects of aging and gender on outcomes in film acting. The study found that there are significant negative effects of being female and being older on the number of roles received by that actress. Moreover, the data reveals that the careers of male and female actors were affected by historical trendsRead MoreTo Kill a Mockingbird Play Review Essay1608 Words   |  7 PagesDirection - The interpretation of the novel, techniques, and overall effectiveness of the play. Design - The effectiveness of the set, and use of space and the combination of set and lighting. Acting - The interpretation of their characters, and how believable their performance was. I will provide a detailed analysis of the play, and come to an overall conclusion of the play, and my personal views. Design A very important factor in a good production, is the well employed use of design. Set designRead MoreAnalysis Of The Acting White By Roland G1375 Words   |  6 PagesAndrew Niemtschk Ross Wilcox College Writing 6 October 2017 Analyzing Acting White In Roland G. Fryer’s paper Acting White, he introduces the audience to the social phenomenon that shares a name with the paper. Acting white is defined as a minority student who achieves well in school, through reading, getting good grades and excelling in their class but get ridiculed and bullied by their peers for sharing characteristics with their Caucasian peers. The obvious presence of bullying and destructiveRead MoreThe Modern Entertainment Industry1776 Words   |  8 Pagesdiscovering intelligent life in this movie.† This user’s comment is strictly subjective and cannot accurately act as a reflection of the work in question. However, there is no pure distinction from the words of an anonymous user as opposed to the analysis of highly-acclaimed entertainment critics. Therefore, a single person’s opinion on something is not a reliable source to base one’s own opinion on. Such negative outlooks on the produce of hollywood is not only seen on th e internet in user commentsRead MoreMovie Analysis : The Acting Of Saving Private Ryan 736 Words   |  3 PagesThe acting in Saving Private Ryan is phenomenal and it baffles me that none of the actors received any real recognition for their performance. The film’s casting is a brilliant array of actors ranging from personality actors, character and wild card, and one of Hollywood’s megastars. These actors bring their character to life almost to the point that you believe, they are actually playing themselves on the screen. One of the film’s best scenes is when the squad maneuvers on and takes out a German

The New United States Constitution of 1787 - 1097 Words

An article of Confederation was adopted by the Continental Congress, on November 15, 1777. It was the first constitution of America. Though, ratification of the Articles of Confederation by all thirteen states did not take place until March 1, 1781. After some all the states realised that article of Confederation is inadequate to resolve the national and international issues. As a result on March 4, 1789, Articles of Confederation was replaced by the new Constitution of 1787. This new constitution was signed by the members of the Constitutional Convention on September 17, 1787 in Philadelphia. In new constitution, members tried to strengthen the central government. The new constitution was the demand of time. It was more practical. It was broader than the article of Confederation. Under article of Confederation, states were free to form their military. But under new Constitution of 1787, this power was taken from states and given to centre. In new constitution, foreign affair and d efence department was given to federal government. No state was given power to sign treaties with other nations. Some changes were also brought in the composition of congress under new constitution. Now, seats in congress were decided on the basis of population of each state. Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation †¢ Each state only had one vote in Congress, regardless of size. †¢ Congress had not the power impose tax on states. †¢ Congress did not have the authority to control foreignShow MoreRelatedThe Making of the Constitution Essay1459 Words   |  6 PagesThe Making of the Constitution The Constitution of the United States, the fundamental law of the United States of America. Drafted by the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, Pa., between May 25 and Sept. 17, 1787, it is the worlds oldest written constitution still in effect. The document presents a set of general principles out of which implementing statutes and codes have emerged. As such, it embodies the essence of constitutionality--that government must beRead MoreGorn Chapter 5 Questions Essay1231 Words   |  5 PagesGorn Chapter 5 Response Paper 1. What powers awarded to congress in the Constitution of 1787 would an Anti- Federalist be most likely to oppose? Anti- Federalist were against the Constitution all together but most of all, I think the Anti-Federalist were against the fact that the state government’s would no longer have as much power like it did with the Articles of Confederation. The constitution supported the idea of a powerful and strong central government. The congress had the power toRead MoreHistory Of The Constitution, The Foundation Of Our National Government1323 Words   |  6 PagesEnglish III 20 April 2015 History of the Constitution The U.S. constitution is the foundation of our national government. On September 17, 1787 it was signed by the delegates at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia (The U.S. Constitution). By signing this, the Constitution replaced the first governing document called the Articles of Confederation. Before it could be passed, it had to be ratified by nine of the thirteen states. Soon after the Constitution was finally ratified, in 1791 the governmentRead MoreThe Articles Of Confederation Serving As The Foundation For The Us Constitution1520 Words   |  7 PagesIn 1781, the thirteen independent states of America had been bound together by the Articles of Confederation. Under this document, the Continental Congress had successfully waged war, made alliances, secured loans, negotiated peace with Great Britain, and passed the Northwest Ordinance. This document served as the foundation for the United States Constitution, which was ratified in 1787. This ratification process took pl ace over 200 years ago. Since that time, most modern-day Americans have assumedRead MoreThe Rights We Now Have Because Of Our Forefathers1505 Words   |  7 Pagesfreedom our ancestors started with the Articles of confederation. Although it wasn’t strong enough history followed with the Constitution. Many people played a role in the development and this paper will examine the Federalists and their counterparts the non-federalist. This paper will also show the timeline pertaining to the articles of confederation and compare it to the constitution. To believe in something we need to understand why we need to do it in the first place. Why do we need to be governed andRead MoreThe Articles Of Confederation Needed930 Words   |  4 Pagesconduct domestic responsibilities such as taxation and regulation of commerce, caused the United States to become bankrupt. Eventually, the new country was faced with the daunting task to greatly alter the Articles of Confederation. In February 1787, America finally persuaded the Continental Congress to convene at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania from May 15, 1776 to September 17, 1787, which would eventually lead to the various debates concerning the problems that faced theRead MoreConstitution Timeline1067 Words   |  5 PagesConstitution Timeline! There are five particular documents that led to the development and the signing of the United States Constitution. They are the Magna Carta, the Mayflower Compact, the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation and the Federalists Papers. This paper will be discussing these documents and be stating if and how they impacted the United States constitution. Then it will be stating when the Unites States Constitution was finalized and passed and signed. Then thereRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States894 Words   |  4 Pagesthe substratum for that country. A Constitution can be defined as a document that is the substratum of the country’s principles. Elements in the Constitution may contain sundry information. Which can include: how many terms a leader may serve, what rights the citizens have, how the judicial system works, etc. The United States in no different from those countries. Every constitution is different, no country has the exact constitution a s another. The U.S Constitution is a four-page document detailingRead MoreThe Debate Over The Method Of Constitutional Interpretation1556 Words   |  7 Pagesone side, contenders of a loose interpretation argue that our understanding of the Constitution adapt with our society today and new developments that have been formed since it was first written. Conversely, strict constructionists argue that the interpretation of the Constitution must be based off of what is plainly written in the Constitution- nothing more and nothing less. The purpose of the Founding Fathers in 1787 was to construct a document that they believed would help pave the way for the AmericanRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States1092 Words   |  5 Pagesby the state on March 1, 1781. The Articles of Confederation were a respectful effort by a new country and to create an ideal national government. Although to some states that form of government was not happy because the Articles of Confederation will so on become a disadvantage. The Constitution Of United States was established in 1787. The Constitution of United States was written as a set of rules for this country. Many of the â€Å"rules† have helped the country stay in order. The constitution gave more

Child And Adolescent Psychology Essay Sample free essay sample

The kid is born with a clean slate. A small package of flesh. bone and blood. Apart from the cistron pool there are other factors that turn them into a complete human existences as they grow in head and organic structure. The absolute nature is determined a batch by fostering. Therefore. it is imperative that the assorted developmental phases are nurtured decently to make a positive consequence in the overall development of a kid. The three major phases of turning up are: cognitive. physical and emotional. A balance amongst all these establishes a healthy. or what they call a all-around personality. To supply a healthy and positive kid. an interaction among the developmental phases is basically of import. The cognitive. physical and emotional development from babyhood through stripling is the axis of a mentally and physically grownup. The healthy physical development combined with intelligence. leading accomplishments. creativeness and emotional intelligence is the footing of a all-around personality. The universe of a kid is full of many complications and hard emotional issues. To turn to these issues and assist a kid overcome his troubles is what a healthy nurturing is all about. Babies non merely turn physically in the first two old ages. They grow cognitively besides. The cognitive abilities are mental acumen that is important in The nervus cells of an baby are interacting everyday with new experiences absorbed from their environment. and it creates new connexions and tracts between their encephalons and organic structures. The physical growing of an baby can be measured by the weight and height measuring methods. but the cognitive abilities are more abstract. The parent or defender has to keenly detect the psychosocial phases of a child’s development. Much of what the experts divulge about the cognitive and mental abilities is upon careful observations of developmental theoreticians and their theories. Such as Piaget’s theory of cognitive development and Erickson’s psychosocial phases. To some extent Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theoretical account is besides helpful in understanding the infant mental growing. Urie Bronfenbrenner developed the ecological system to explicate how everything in a child’s environment affects the growing and development of a kid. The different facets that he introduced were the microsystem. masosystem. macrosystem and the exosystem. Microsystem explains the little and immediate environment in which the kid lives. Microsystem besides consists of the immediate relationship or organisation in which the kid grows and interacts. such as the household. the caregiver’s place. school. day care centre etc. A batch depends on how these groups of people interact with the kid and raising him while the kid is in their attention. The more encouraging and fostering this environment is the better the child’s development and growing would be. Each kid is born with a familial and biologically influenced personality traits. Furthermore the responses of these groups in Microsystem would depend a batch on how a child responds or reacts to this group. depending upon his familial make up. The effects of the microsystem decides the disposition of a kid and the response of others depend on the child’s disposition. The following degree mesosystem. depict how the different parts of a child’s microsystem work together for the interest of the kid. If the groups of individuals in a child’s microsystem take an active engagement in the child’s activities. such as parent instructor meetings. association football lucifers. competitions etc. so the overall consequence of a child’s development is positive and nurturing. If there is a clang of sentiments among these caretakers or other individuals responsible in a child’s development so it will impact the kid adversely and the kid ‘s healthy development will be hindered. The exosystem is the drawn-out household or indirect effects of a child’s environment and is every bit responsible for his development despite the fact that the kid may non be interacting straight with them. For illustration if a parent gets fired from a occupation. or suffers economic lack. so the negative and insecure environment will impact the child’s mental and even physical wellness. The macrosystem is the big or distant set of people that a kid interacts and comes in contact with. but still has a deep impact. The environment would. progressively affect a kid turning in a belligerent state or where the authorities is unstable or dictatorial. The cultural values and the economic system of a province have a great influence upon a child’s negative or positive development. It is the occupation of the parents. guardian and other health professionals to guarantee that a kid grows up in a healthy environment. Because a healthy kid means a healthy stripling. a healthy young person. a healthy grownup and eventually a healthy state. Children feel the emphasis more acutely than is by and large believed. Often there are some built-in shortages or mental upsets that when neglected in the childhood turns out to be a matured unwellness in maturity and ends up being untreatable. Timely intercession and proper nurturing warrant an improved province. and assist a kid live a normal life. A kid can endure from attending shortage hyperactivity upset. dyslexia. bipolar upsets. terrible impulsiveness. marginal personality upsets. depression. eating upsets. autism spectrum upsets. and other serious mental upsets. like schizophrenic disorder. Most of the above-named jobs are treatable. and there are effectual interventions available for these jobs along with behavioural therapy. Proper intervention given at proper clip can be a really important factor in finding a healthy growing of an stripling. Nature wants kids to be kids before they are work forces. From babyhood to adolescent. a kid is most vulnerable to influences around him. His cognitive abilities are dependent on his tackling the force per unit areas in the right manner. Within mundane rhetoric and many discoursed of theory childhood is taken for granted ; it is regarded as necessary and inevitable. and therefore portion of normal life. Its arrant â€Å"thereness† seems to further a self-satisfied attitude. Childhood is mostly apprehended in footings of biological and cognitive development through constructs such as ripening. All modern-day attacks to the survey of childhood are non a natural phenomenon and can non be decently understood as such. The societal transmutation of a kid. from childhood to adulthood. does non follow straight from physical growing to mental modules. It deviates organize a consecutive frontward attack to a more complex ‘rites of passage’ . where the transformatory procedure is validated through assorted induction ceremonials. These inductions are the procedure from stripling to maturity. These phases are chronologically ordered but besides hierarchically arranged along a continuum from low position. childish nonliteral idea to high position grownup operative intelligence. Curiously adequate kids are seen as reliable. though child makes a better grownup than the grownup himself. As a kid observes his universe he besides recognizes the failure of grownup as a nurturer. He picks up the niceties and the cues as he goes along the different phases of his growing. The better his apprehension of the grownup behaviour the more equipt he would be to confront the challenges of life. by the clip he turns into a full grown grownup himself. Childs have the capacity to research the really bounds of consciousness and high spot. one time once more. the tireless. built-in and boundlessly variable human capacity to offend. A kid being both guiltless and vulnerably dependent is what makes the nexus between being kids and their personality upsets. violent offenses. and unnatural behavior as they advance towards stripling. Bing the inactive victims of maltreatment. disregard and violent offenses. frequently make them a violent felon when they grow up. These comprise the emotional development of a kid from babyhood to maturity. Frequently a good loved. and good cared for kid is an emotionally healthy and strong kid. His encephalon was programmed to have nurturing. attention. love and fondness. He learns the emotional responses and gives them back when he grows. The physical well being and wellness depend upon nutrition and safe environment at place. The healthy organic structure gives birth to a healthy head. and the infant progresss towards stripling with strong stairss. literally. Adolescent is the most delicate phase in a child’s development. This is the stage where the organic structure and head is most susceptible to environment. The seeds of force. substance maltreatment. emotional issue. learning differences are most enhanced and in demand of proper attending. Society and peer affect the kid most during these phases and he is likely to follow the dominant behavior around him. Merely like grownups kids are prone to depression excessively. and stripling is the delicate phase when depression could happen. To salvage a kid from falling victim to inauspicious effects of an unhealthy environment. he has to be given adequate counsel. support and nurturing. Juvenile delinquency is non a myth. but a blunt fact. It happens mundane and is the result of improper upbringing and deficiency of proper fostering through babyhood to stripling. The parents need to cognize the necessary information sing the healthy upbringing of a kid. There are many organisations that teach a kid of 11-15 the rudimentss of defying force and drug maltreatment. World Wide Web. childevelomentinfo. com and World Wide Web. apahelpcenter. org Are some of the sites where most such in formations could be found. The cognitive scientific discipline is separated from the emotional behavior. and frequently the child’s development could endure from the deficiency of emotional nurturing. Cognitive behavior may be uncomplete as it neglects the emotional facet in human thought. Cognitive scientific discipline besides neglects the part of the organic structure to thought and actions. However the unsimilarities are mutualist as one gravitates to another unnoticeably. despite the evident dissociation. There are several cross-cultural similarities and differences in the emotional. cognitive and physical development of a kid. A kid being brought up in a certain civilization would hold inherently associated himself with the peculiar behavior that comes with it. The parents and health professionals would hold been brought up in a certain manner with certain sets of emotional responses and behaviours. The kid inherently absorbs. learns or inherits the abilities. and remainder he is taught through the environmental and educational force per unit areas. The emotional responses besides depend upon the environment and the cultural influences. The cognitive despite being separate would still be interlinked with the emotional behavior of a kid. Most of the clip the cognitive abilities develop decently. but the emotional nature remains immature and unformed. It besides happens that the physical growing of a kid is familial. and the wellness and growing depends upon those factors merely. So the kid could be healthy in organic structure. yet ill in head. with low cognitive abilities. Therefore the absolute balance between all three facets is the challenge that really caregiver or parent face today for the development of their kid. Mentions * Breedlove. M. . Rosenzweig. R. M. . Watson. W. N. ( 1999. January ) .BiologicalPsychology:AnIntroductiontoBehavioral.CognitiveandClinicalNeuroscience.FifthsEdition. . Sinauer Associates ; 2nd Bk A ; Cdr edition *Damon. William. Handbook of Child Psychology. New York: Wiley. ( 1998 ) . *Dawson. MRW. Understanding Cognitive Science. Oxford: Blackwell. ( 1998 ) . *Jenks. Chris. Childhood. New York: Rutledge. ( 2005 ) *Kalat. W. J. . Biological Psychology.Wadsworth Pub.Co.( 2003 ) *Ridley. M. Nature via Raising.London: Harper Collin. ( 2003 ) * Rutter. Michael. Hay. F. Dale. Development Through Life: A Handbook for Clinicians. Boston: Blackwell Scientific Publications. ( 1994 )

Virtual Reality in Construction

Introduction Over the past 3 decades, building design has become increasingly complex due to the necessity of having to incorporate both the technological aspect of modern living (i.e. electrical wires, telecommunication systems, and interior ventilation) as well as the increasing popularity of built in appliances and furniture (i.e. hidden storage spaces, movable beds, etc.).Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Virtual Reality in Construction specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This, according to Goulding et al. (2012), has lead to numerous problems within the industry wherein architects, builders and engineers alike need to deal with having to translate complex 2D designs on paper into a working and functioning interior and exterior of a building in real life (Goulding et al. 2012, pp. 103-116). Not only that, one of the more unfortunate trends in the present day construction industry is the need to construct bui ldings within a relatively short period of time in order to save on the cost of labor and utilities. As a result, some construction projects tend to run 24 hours a day with multiple labor shifts being implemented in order to ensure that the building is completed as fast as possible. Li et al. (2003) states that such a method of construction, while impressive in terms of cost savings and completion time, can lead to mistakes in the building design since supervisors cannot be around 24 hours a day to ensure that the designs are completed according to their specifications (Li et al. 2003, p. 561). Another factor that should be taken into consideration is the fact that many constructions companies around the world, particularly those in China and the Middle East, tend to hire foreign design firms in order to create visually stunning buildings that have complex inner workings. At times the normal working relationship between an architect, the building’s engineers and laborers does not exist since the architect is on another continent and has merely provided the designs necessary for the building’s construction and nothing more.Advertising Looking for coursework on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is due to the factors that have been mentioned that it is necessary for a new system to be implemented that allows for the visualization of the design as well as allows for better collaboration between the architect, engineers and builders to ensure that the design elements, both aesthetic and functional, are implemented in the right way when a building is being constructed. Historical Background Originally, the use of virtual reality in construction within the past decade has been limited to 3D object design wherein separate 3D representations of the exterior and interior of the buildings are designed utilizing 3D Max and other types of software in order to create a representation o f what the interior and exterior of the building is supposed to look like (Qinping 2011, pp. 116-118). Such systems though have been limited to a primarily video based format with no level of interactivity being incorporated into the representation. It merely shows how the design is supposed to look like but does not create an accurate gauge of how particular types of design implements are supposed to be implemented (Animesh et al. 2011, pp. 789-A3). It also did not give a sufficient approximation of space and was universally panned by various architects as a waste of resources due to the amount of time that was needed in order to create a 3D model that could actually be considered an accurate representation. While it continues to be in use within the industry till this very day, its use has been limited to interior design such as helping engineers determine how elements such as fixtures, lighting and other such elements should be implemented. Over the past 4 years though, there has been considerable progress in implementing more technologically complex methods in construction wherein 3D virtual reality technology has been utilized in urban planning as well as transport projects in various countries such as Japan and France (Grant 2010, pp. 60-65).Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Virtual Reality in Construction specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This type of technology utilizes graphics systems such as CAD, CAM and EDA in order to create a realistic 3D representation of urban landscapes in order to help city planners see how certain types of planned infrastructure projects would impact particular cities (Grant 2010, pp. 60-65). While lacking in the immersive quality of a true 3D experience, this iteration of the technology at the present does show its viability as a means of enabling architects and engineers alike to get a better visual grasp of how a particular building project will lo ok like when established within a cityscape as well as its overall visual appeal. It should be noted though that this iteration of the technology, while effective in showing cityscape perspective, is severely lacking in detail when it comes to representing the various details of a building (Manca Brambilla Colombo 2013, pp. 1-9). There is no software at the present with the capacity to translate architectural design schematics into actual 3D representation. Though there are software products which can create an accurate visual representation of the exterior and interior, when it comes to the placement of supports, the location of circuit breakers and wiring, as well as the design of a building’s internal methods of transportation (i.e. elevators and stairwells) such software simply does not have the capability nor the capacity to be able to do so. Studies do note that with the current progress of technology a fully immersive virtual reality software for architects can be dev eloped within the next 2 to 3 years, however, it will depend on the demand for such technology. Types of Virtual Reality There are currently two types of virtual reality systems that are currently available, immersive and non-immersive systems. Immersive systems utilize a combination of a large headset meant to shut off the â€Å"real world† from the senses of the user and immerse them into a virtual reality environment.Advertising Looking for coursework on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is accomplished by having the headset dominate both a subject’s visual stimuli as well as their auditory stimuli. The end result is that based on what they see and hear, the subject will â€Å"feel† like they are in another environment. Non-immersive systems are standard computer terminals that utilize 3D rendering technology in order to display a 3D environment/object on a computer screen (Roquilly 2011, pp. 653-671). This is the predominant form of virtual reality at the present due to the current limits of technology, however, it is expected that the truly immersive 3D experience will be made available within the next few years. Components of Virtual Reality System The components of a virtual reality system are actually quite simple; the first is the use of an immersive environment device, normally a visor or helmet that goes around a person’s head, that is utilized in order for the user to see the virtual environment created by the computer (Hadikusumo Rowlinson 2002, p. 501). The second component is a method of interaction with the virtual system, this usually comes in the form of a mouse and keyboard however there have been other iterations that have been developed in the form of virtual reality gloves that allow users to â€Å"touch† and manipulate the structures within their environment. The last component of this system comes in the form of a computer that can run the entire simulation. While these technologies have been around for quite some time, the fact remains that there has been an insufficient amount of progress in developing a system that is exclusive to the construction industry alone (Ren et al. 2004, pp. 639-649). A majority of virtual reality systems today are primarily training or gaming related applications. While there are systems that have been developed for the express purpose of 3D modeling and rendering, these applications are primarily used in creating computer games and lack the necessary software infrastructure to judge the stability and effectiveness of various types of building designs. Applications of Virtual Reality The applications of VR technology in construction range from enabling architects and engineers to examine the stability and effectiveness of a design and make the necessary changes to enabling engineers and even construction workers to make design recommendations and actually mold the VR image in such a way so as to reflect such changes (Roquilly 2011, pp. 653-671). The most ideal form of VR technology for the construction industry would be a software program that takes the entirety of a building’s designs and creates a fully functional 3D representation of it. The end result is a 3D model that can be â€Å"explored† by a viewer enabling them to see the design elements in a far less complicated manner as compared to looking at a building’s design blueprint. The technology would enable engineers and architects to potentially spot design f laws and correct them within the program itself instead of during the construction phase of the building. Such a process could potentially save a company millions of dollars in redesign/reconstruction expenses and enable the building to be constructed in a faster and more efficient manner (Wu et al. 2011, pp. 1851-1876). Other potential applications of the technology come in the form of being able to â€Å"move walls out of the way†, this method involves being able to remove certain aspects of the building’s design such as walls, stairwells and other impeding objects in order to examine the underlying superstructure behind them (Hadikusumo Rowlinson 2002, p. 501). This would be done in order to determine if the building design is placing undue pressure on structural supports and if so would require a degree of redesign. Normally, such a feat would be impossible in the case of traditional methods of construction given that removing a significant part of a wall could ha ve dire circumstances for the superstructure as a whole. This shows how virtual reality systems are an effective means of investigating the design of a building without have to incur significant risk or cost in the process. Virtual Reality In Building Design As explained by Ibrahim et al. (2008), one of the advantages of VR technology is that it enables architects and engineers alike to be able to experiment with a variety of design elements and see their outcome (Ibrahim et al. 2008, pp. 73-84). For example, the game â€Å"Mine craft† (a sandbox game that allows for the construction of nearly any type of structure so long as it is composed of square blocks) has actually become a part of several college architecture courses since it enables students to create a variety of designs and test their overall level of effectiveness. The same can be said for virtual constructs wherein the viability of design features, the effectiveness of interior design planning as well as In Space Planning Through the study of Kang et al. (2010) involving 3D imagery technology and its possible uses in design and construction, Kang et al. (2010) mentions that VR technology would be an invaluable resource for space planning since it would enable architects to place and test a variety of infrastructures for a building to see which would be the most feasible and aesthetically pleasing (Kang et al. 2010, pp. 1000-1015). This is usually done by first creating a template of the desired shape of the construction project and building up on that by putting features such as a skyline, a large lobby and other such features. The advantage of this method lies in its ability for the building’s designers to see the visual and operational appeal of a particular design. This results in a far better means of construction since designers will be able to tell immediately if their chosen design fits the intended purpose of a building (Sampaio Henriques 2007, pp. 124-134). Another factor th at should be taken into consideration is the fact that VR technology would allow designers to increase or decrease the open spaces in the interiors of a building (Whyte 2003, pp. 565-572). This enables them to determine the best ratio between the need for openness as well as necessity of having sufficient functionality (Whyte 2003, pp. 565-572). In Interior Designing Based on all that has been mentioned so far regarding the capabilities of VR technology, it already becomes obvious that its beneficial use in interior design stems from its capacity to be able to introduce a large variety of possible design iterations within a relatively short period of time. As a result, this can improve the rate in which the interiors of a building are designed and implemented resulting in a better construction process. In Lighting Design In the study of Klein (2007) which examined the application of VR technology in interior design, Klein (2007) notes that testing the effectiveness of certain lighti ng fixtures is far easier in a virtual environment as compared to real life (Klein 2007, pp. 36-50). The reason behind this is quite simple, VR technology allows the user to cut and paste a lighting fixture in any location in a room within a few seconds in whatever way or number they choose. This enables an interior designer to immediately determine the most effect method of interior lighting within a select space. Such a feat is not possible in the case of traditional methods of lighting design wherein designers have to rely on pre-established lighting patterns due to the inability to test where lighting would be most effective (Sampaio Henriques 2007, pp. 56-61). Attempts to do so normally take a considerable amount of time and resources which would be better utilized in other aspects of the construction project. This shows how VR technology can actually make the interior design of buildings that much more effective since it can help to reveal the best position for placing the li ghting fixtures within a room or expansive area (i.e. a lobby). In Heating Ventilation And Air Conditioning One of the main problems in the construction industry at the present is examining whether the heating and air conditioning shafts are placed in such a way that they perform in an efficient manner. While it may be true that during the design phase of a building the architect can draw from a large swath of literature that helps to explain effective ventilation placement, the fact remains that you will not really know there is a problem until you have actually constructed the building and tested the system (Sampaio Henriques 2008, pp. 7-14). VR technology helps to get around this dilemma by setting up a virtual simulation for the ventilation system within a 3D model of the building. Through this process, any problems in the design and implementation of the ventilation system can be resolved while the building is still in the planning stage. This helps to expedite the constructio n process and helps to ensure that costly mistakes are once again avoided (Sampaio Henriques 2008, pp. 7-14). Virtual Reality In Construction Planning And Scheduling Current 4d Planning Approaches Current approaches in 4D planning approaches involve the use of software such as CAD, CAM and EDA in order create virtual simulations of buildings and urban areas. Unfortunately, while the external and internal aesthetic quality of the buildings are superb, there is a distinct lack in sufficient structural programming wherein the building is a building based on appearance and does not take into consideration the physical rules of construction (Woksepp Olofsson 2008, pp. 520-528). This means that the building lack the fundamental rules of construction essential in determining the structural stability of the design elements utilized. Current Limitations Some of the current limitations of the technology come in the form of an insufficient physics infrastructure to actually determine whether a building’s design is actually structurally feasible. Current VR approaches focus mainly on the aesthetic quality of the design and lack a program that proper examines the structural stability of the building’s frame versus the types of supports, designs and spaces utilized (Woksepp Olofsson 2008, pp. 520-528). This is a severe limitation given the necessity of determining whether a building is structurally sound or not. Benefits Of Implementing VR In Construction To Increase The Project Quality And Profit Based on what has been presented so far, it can be seen that there are numerous benefits to implementing VR in construction. VR technology enables architects, engineers and ground personnel to see what the intended outcome of a construction project should be, identify mistakes in the design and make changes prior to the building being constructed (Nikolic et al. 2011, pp. 421-429). As a result, this ensures that when a building is constructed various mistakes rela ted to poor design decisions or errors in the design process are completely avoided which reduces the associated costs such mistakes often entail. Conclusions Overall, what this paper has shown is that VR technology is an effective means of visualization of the design of a building as well as allows for better collaboration between the architect, engineers and builders to ensure that the design elements, both aesthetic and functional, are implemented in the right way when a building is being constructed. Unfortunately, a majority of virtual reality systems today are primarily training or gaming related applications. While there are systems that have been developed for the express purpose of 3D modeling and rendering, these applications are primarily used in creating computer games and lack the necessary software infrastructure to judge the stability and effectiveness of various types of building designs. However, once the software and hardware has improved within the next few years, it can be expected that VR technology will gain main stream acceptance within the construction industry. 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